Support platform and structure for fish farming (&#34;artificial island reef platform&#34;)

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein is a structure designed for raising large (commercial) quantities of pelagic fish. The structure, called an “Artificial Island Reef Platform” or “AIR Platform” is comprised of floating platform components with a large subsurface framework and cable network suitable for supporting a multiplicity of nets, each one enclosing and controlling a separate and distinct ocean volume. Various innovative design features permit the stable anchoring, supporting, and positioning of the AIR Platform, and control the distribution of oxygenated water and food, and the removal of waste products.  
     Variants of this invention could be utilized for fresh-water fish farming in appropriate locations in lakes, reservoirs, or rivers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Field of the Invention

[0002] The disclosed invention relates to the field of aquaculture or fish farming, and employs a specially designed large buoyant structure to stabilize and support the components delimiting, servicing, and controlling the water volumes to be farmed.

[0003] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0004] Only a relative few special purpose, large floating platforms appear to have been patented. Lown (U.S. Pat. No. 3,951,086, Apr. 20, 1976) envisions a deck, as in a raft, supported from below by a multiplicity of specialized floating vertical columns that act as motion attenuators in order to achieve a quite stable platform. Matsui (U.S. Pat. No. 4,286,538, Sep. 1, 1981) constructs a “multipurpose” floating structure which is a composite of many individual flotation units joined in a regular reticulated pattern. Kim (U.S. Pat. No. 4,406,243, Sep. 27, 1983) contemplates a waterborne building with prefabricated rooms supported by a modified hemispherical flotation device. Tellington (U.S. Pat. No. 5,588,387, Dec. 31, 1996) couples a plurality of floating modules together to form a composite platform and controls its motion using a system of propulsion jets. Carroll et. al. (U.S. Pa. No. 4,409,921, Oct. 16, 1983) design a modular floating platform that can easily be assembled and disassembled, for use inside partially water-filled vessels. Scholl et. al. (U.S. Pat. No. 3,771,484, Nov. 11, 1973) envision an inflatable floating island. None of the above are similar to the AIR Platform described herein.

[0005] A greater number of fish farming facilities have been patented, and these can be generally categorized as follows:

[0006] Fish farming facilities based on modified ships, barges, or platforms: Bourg (U.S. Pat. No. 5,095,851, Mar. 17, 1992) teaches the conversion of a hopper barge to allow the circulation of water, oxygen, food, antibiotics, etc. as needed within habitation tanks, and this can be adapted for fish or shellfish. Crappel and Crochet (U.S. Pat. No. 5,596,947, Jan. 28, 1997) employ an oil- or gas-well production platform and raise or lower fish cages therefrom. Erickson and Boad (U.S. Pat. No. 5,438,958, Aug. 8, 1995) similarly employ abandoned oil platforms or use a specially constructed platform support structure.

[0007] Fish cages or nets with various designs and features: Yoneya (U.S. Pat. No. 4,170,196, Oct. 9, 1979) designed a simple framed and netted fish enclosure, with a closeable mouth at the top. Streichenberger (U.S. Pat. No. 4,257,350, Mar. 24, 1981) employed a bow net of rigid construction with buoyancy tanks. Knott (U.S. Pat. No. 5,967,086, Oct. 19, 1999) and Keith (U.S. Pat. No. 5,970,917, Oct. 26, 1999) both employed stiff wire mesh (20 gauge or greater) cages, to resist deformation and predators. Otamendi-Busto (U.S. Pat. No. 4,936,253, Jun. 26, 1990) designed a cylindrical submersible cultivation cage with ballast tanks and a vertical column supporting maintenance and personnel facilities. Vangen (U.S. Pat. No. 4,712,509, Dec. 15, 1987) proposed an array of two rows of rectangular fish cages connected to each other using horizontal pivots. Willinsky and Robson (U.S. Pat. No. 5,251,571, Oct. 12, 1993) described a rotatable, netted geodesic enclosure with flotation chambers, to be moored in a fixed position. Whiffen (U.S. Pat. No. 4,744,331, May 17, 1988) envisioned sea pens with a tightly-controlled buoyancy device to specifically locate the pens in the optimal temperature/nutrition zones in the water. Bourgeois (U.S. Pat. No. 5,172,649, Dec. 22, 1992) envisioned concentric frames with radial elements between them, with nets separating each ocean volume delimited by successive frame elements. Rosen and Wullf (U.S. Pat. No. 4,798,169, Jan. 17, 1989) designed a framework of hollow, floating members around a netted enclosure. Koma (U.S. Pat. No. 4,957,064, Sep. 18, 1990) used a similar concept, but extended additional netting to the side, supported by floats, and at the bottom, moored to the sea floor. Holyoak (U.S. Pat. No. 4,429,659, Feb. 7, 1984) designed a multiplicity of cages with similar floating structural members, and employed a conveyor system that moved the cages through feeding zones and into a treatment area. Bones (U.S. Pat. No. 5,628,279, May 13, 1997) utilized a hexagonally-framed fish cage with a specially mounted feeding tube. Nett (U.S. Pat. No. 4,982,697, Jan. 8, 1991) developed a net cage specifically for farming algae-eating aquatic animals, with a means of growing algae on portions of the nets and then making these net surfaces available to the animals.

[0008] Solid enclosures with a greater or lesser number of openings: Martelius (U.S. Pat. No. 5,715,773, Feb. 10, 1998) designed a walled structure with some openings in the sides and a flow-intensifying device in the upper edge of the enclosed space, particularly for rearing fry. Brinkworth (U.S. Pat. No. 4,279,218, Jul. 21, 1981) contemplated maintaining a compatible marine environment within an enclosed habitat by importing desirable water from a favorable environment through conduits. Rowley (U.S. Pat. No. 4,320,717, Mar. 23, 1982) employed a plurality of enclosed habitat modules conveniently stacked and served by feeder risers. Meilahn (U.S. Pat. No. 5,762,024, Jun. 9, 1998) described a rigid-walled, floating tank with a floating pump assembly capable of drawing water from variable depths to select the desired temperature and purity.

[0009] Apparatuses that provide controlled substrates for cultivation of surface-adhering species, such as abalone: Foster and Locke (U.S. Pat. No. 6,044,798, Apr. 4, 2000) described a framework with removable panels of substrate material that can be suspended in water in the appropriate environment.

[0010] In addition, the prior art contains references to specialized devices which are intended to be appurtenances to aquaculture systems, that add special features or improve certain functions of said systems, such as: Ochs (U.S. Pat. No. 4,886,015, Dec. 12, 1989), who designed a special modular marine flotation collar with aquaculture applications, or Morimura (U.S. Pat. No. 4,610,219, Sep. 9, 1986), who designed a specialized floating elastic frame member for use in fish breeding apparati. The current invention being a complete aquaculture system, it does not serve a useful purpose to extensively review patents on component devices.

[0011] Considering now the above types of aquaculture devices, the fully-enclosed variants appear cost-effective only for growing small fry to a stage where they may be farmable in other environments, or for crustaceans or other specialized uses. To completely enclose a portion of the ocean environment is impressively costly, compared to simply controlling the area with nets, which represent only minor cost per unit area controlled by comparison. For most applications, such solid (or mostly solid) enclosures do not compare economically to open-habitat fishing the old-fashioned way. Vessel-based aquaculture facilities are similarly expensive because of the cost of the vessel, essentially a “complete enclosure”.

[0012] Platform-based or bargebased fish cages appear to be similar to floating fish cages (considered below), but with a different mooring or support principle.

[0013] Fish cages or nets are the most cost-effective way of controlling ocean volume, and the many patents in this area offer different design treatments that distinguish them from each other, but seldom offer significant advantages, one over the other, in unique technologies that improve yield, reduce cost, or produce other practical advantages. In general the above-cited inventions fail to economically oxygenate the controlled water, and therefore the concentration of fish to be raised is unduly limited. The AIR Platform is unique in its use of design features to passively oxygenate a large volume of controlled water, thereby increasing the yield of farmed fish to reach a very successful economic comparison with open-ocean fishing. The AIR Plafform also uniquely vents biowaste.

[0014] In contradistinction to most prior art, the AIR Plafform encourages biodiversity within and upon its structure, allowing the growth and development of entire food chains within it and in its near ocean environment. This allows the invention to act as a breeding ground for a wide variety of marine life that can assist the production of the fish within it, and can also assist in replenishing the open-ocean fishery stocks in the vicinity.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0015] The within invention, called an “Artificial Island Reef Platform” or “AIR Platform”, designed for raising large (commercial) quantities of fish, is comprised of floating plafform components with a large subsurface framework and cable network suitable for supporting a multiplicity of nets. Each net encloses and controls a separate and distinct ocean volume, thereby permitting appropriate staging in the continuous farming of suitable fish, and also permitting the maintenance and/or replacement of individual nets without affecting the production of neighboring nets.

[0016] Various innovative design features, described below, permit the stable anchoring, supporting, and positioning of the AIR Platform, and control the distribution of oxygenated water and food, and the removal of waste products. Controlled, variable flotation devices orient the Platform, and permit it to float higher or lower in the water, as desired; and may permit it to mostly submerge during excessively stormy weather.

[0017] Design features allow the AIR Platform to “fly” in ocean currents like a kite flies in the air; and indeed, the invention is optimally intended for those ocean areas where current is regular and dependable (in quieter areas or during quiet periods, back-up systems [not part of the invention, and not shown in the drawings] achieve the distribution of aerated water and nutrients). The leading end of the Platform is designed to separate the flow of current past the entire structure in the manner of a hydrofoil on an airplane wing or a fairing on a motorcycle, but is controllably porous so that sufficient oncoming water may enter the structure to create a necessary net flow of water through the Platform as well.

[0018] With the majority of the current passing above and below the Plafform, special deflectors and diffusers may be properly positioned to draw oxygenated water (from above) into each of the individually netted areas, and exhaust it at the bottom. These devices are innovatively designed to produce their majority effect within the area of each individual net, despite the overall draw of some of the water through the Plafform's controllably porous leading end. Feeding tubes deliver nutrients controllably into the volumes delimited by each cage.

[0019] The entire Platform is surrounded by netting as well (in part for predator control), so that the areas outside of each individual net, but interior to the entire Plafform, are controlled; and these areas may be utilized to farm other useful marine life, though less intensively than inside the individual nets or cages.

[0020] The entire floating AIR Plafform, containing as much life as it does, will act like a reef, enriching the immediate vicinity and resulting in the aggregation and breeding of many varieties of uncaged marine life. The strategic deployment of several of the Platforms properly distanced from each other will create a zone of enrichment, allowing the renewal of depleted populations of fish, in an ecologically correct and assistive manner. Predator control will be an issue, but is not a part of the within invention.

[0021] The elegant simplicity of the preferred embodiments of the invention permits the greatest possible utilization of existing commercially-available components, rendering the invention affordable. It is the unique compounding of the elements of the AIR Platform, and its design features, that comprise the invention.

[0022] Further attributes of the invention are elucidated within the description below.

[0023] The foregoing aspects, attributes and objects, and further, related aspects, attributes and objects, of this disclosed invention are illustrated in the embodiment diagramed in the accompanying drawings. These drawings are for purposes of illustration, and it is cautioned that departures from these drawings in materials and specific construction may occur without departure from the concept of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0024]FIG. 1 shows the invention from above, positioned with the leading edge represented by the Primary Displacement Module [22] and the Surface Displacement Module [10]. The balance of the device, positioned behind the Spreader Beams [12], floats behind these structures in the current.

[0025]FIG. 2 is a side view of the invention shown positioned approximately as intended below the water line [70] (not to scale).

[0026]FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of two of the cages or nets (which are shown to be spherical in this embodiment, but need not be) [60]. showing the major features, and the flow of water [88] into and within the cages.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0027]FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate the major features and innovations present in an AIR Plafform. The leading structural element of the device is comprised of the Surface Displacement Module [10] and the Spreader Beams [12], which support the Primary [50] and Secondary [52] Runner Cables and their appurtenances. The Perimeter Identification Cables [40] and Floats [42] (the latter with optional lights as may be helpful or even required in certain jurisdictions) run lateral to and mostly above the assembly of Runner Cables [50, 52], and delimit the edges of the invention.

[0028] The individual Cages [60] (dubbed “Rotegrities” if a spherical shape is chosen as shown herein) are suspended from and fastened to the Runner Cables [50, 52]. Around the perimeter, and top and bottom, of the assembly of Cages [60] is a protective netting called the Net Skin [64], completely enclosing the assembly.

[0029] Other embodiments of the invention may omit the portion of the Surface Displacement Module [10] that herein is shown residing above the surface of the water; but the presence of such a surface on at least one of an array of AIR Platforms will provide a reasonable working surface upon which to base maintenance and fish processing functions, reducing the requirement for attendant vessels. And the specific geometry of the array and specific means of support and attachment may vary without departing from the spirit of the within invention.

[0030] In front of the Surface Displacement Module [10] and Spreader Beams [12] is the Primary Displacement Module [22] which serves, via its own Harness [24], to suspend the Underwater Pivot Point [28] at a proper distance below the Water Line [70]. The Pivot Point [28] represents the true leading point of the device (with reference to the direction of ocean current flow), and is controllably moored by the Mooring Line [26]. The Mooring Assembly Harness [20] performs the dual purposes of (A) suspending the balance of the structure behind the Pivot Point [28] in the flow of the ocean current like a tail behind a kite, via its attachments to the Surface Displacement Module [10] and Spreader Beams [12], and (B) supporting the Fairing [62], a partially permeable membrane which allows some current flow through, but largely separates the current into a superior stream (above the body of the Platform) and an inferior stream (below). The Fairing [62] may contain controllable openings (not shown) to more exactly regulate the fraction of the total current that passes through it, versus being split into superior and inferior components, and may be shaped as required to maximize the splitting of the current. Shown diagrammatically in the figures as coming to a point at the Pivot Point [28], it may be designed instead in a bladelike fashion, or even expanded outwardly to capture larger volumes of water or to enhance current speed.

[0031] Material to the invention is not the specific shape, layout, or configuration of the above components, but the concept of a hydrodynamically designed assembly of cages, with a selectively permeable leading membrane structure which splits (or amplifies and splits) the current into regulatable flow components that are useful in the controlled suspension of the device, and, as will be shown below, in the dispersion of oxygen and nutrients within and through the component Cages.

[0032] Looking now to FIG. 3, the individual Cages [60] (shown as spherical herein). are attached to the Cables [50, 52] with an appropriate Cable or Chain [82]. Each Cage [60] may be equipped with one or more Buoyancy Control Devices [80], which in the aggregate control (A) the average depth of most of the device below the surface (allowing further submersion in unfavorable weather, for example) as well as (B) its attitude (or angle of inclination in the water, allowing, among other things, further control over the relative effects of the superior and inferior branches of the current). Other configurations of Buoyancy Control Devices [80] or other means of controlling the depth and attitude of the body of the invention are possible; therefore this particular configuration shall not be construed to limit the scope of the invention.

[0033] Each Cage [60] is equipped with Intake [66] and Exhaust [68] Vents, appropriately placed within the superior and inferior ocean current components respectively, designed to push oxygenated surface (superior) water flow into the area of the Cage and pull other water from within the area of the Cage into the inferior flow. A Diffuser [72], appropriately dimensioned and configured, acts to direct the incoming flow widely throughout the area of the Cage, as indicated by arrows [88]. Feeder Tubes [84] are positioned to appropriately distribute nutrients to the population within the Cages.

[0034] The invention is intended to tolerate, indeed encourage, the growth of algae and other marine life upon the cage and net structures; and this diversity of living forms is expected to improve the health and the yield of the fish that are farmed within (and stimulate enrichment in the nearby open ocean environs).

[0035] The embodiment shown herein exhibits all of the principles comprising this invention; however, devices embodying only some of these innovative principles and thereby representing an incremental improvement over existing art, could be constructed, and are also considered to be instructed by this presentation.

[0036] List of Reference Numbers

[0037]10—Surface Displacement Module

[0038]12—Spreader Beams (“Wings”)

[0039]20—Mooring Assembly Harness

[0040]22—Primary Displacement Module

[0041]24—Primary Displacement Module Harness

[0042]26—Mooring Line

[0043]28—Underwater Pivot Point

[0044]30—Main Identification Light (“Head Light”)

[0045]40—Surface Perimeter Identification Cables

[0046]42—Surface Perimeter Identification Floats

[0047]50—Primary Runner Cable

[0048]52—Secondary Runner Cables

[0049]60—Fish Cages (called “Rotegrities” if spherical)

[0050]62—Fairing

[0051]64—Net Skin

[0052]66—Intake Vents

[0053]68—Exhaust Vents

[0054]70—Water Line

[0055]72—Diffuser

[0056]80—Buoyancy Control Device

[0057]82—Cable Chain to Cage Attachment Frame

[0058]84—Feeder Tube

[0059]86—Cable Chain Attachment Points

[0060]88—Pattern of Water Flow within Cages 

I claim:
 1. A composite or modular device or system for the purpose of aquaculture (fish farming), which is designed to float in the currents of the ocean or other body of water, similar to the manner in which a kite flies in air currents, comprised of: an attachment and flotation means to control and support the leading edge of the system a support framework for the attachment of anchoring and support cables and of other desired optional equipment, and which further is designed to define the major contours and structure of the body of the device; a “fairing” or leading edge of the main structure, designed and engineered to entrain the flow of current past the device into a superior flow component (which will become oxygenated by interaction with the atmosphere) and an inferior flow component; one or more cages made from netting or other porous or semi-porous fabrication, of spherical shape (in the preferred embodiment) or other shape, for the purpose of confining and farming fish or other desired aquatic organisms, and allowing the incorporation of specially-designed vents and/or deflectors at the top and bottom (or other opposite) surfaces; a “net skin” or perimeter net, made from netting or other fabrication, surrounding the cage(s), to further shape and control the interior floating masses, and to protect the immediate environment of the cages from predators and other influences; other support devices and equipment as needed to support the purpose and safety of the device, which may include an optional (1) surface displacement module, a controllable flotation platform for equipment and crew in carrying out the tasks required in aquaculture and maintenance, (2) perimeter floats and/or lights for location, identification and safety, (3) electrical generation equipment, and/or others.
 2. The attachment and flotation means of claim 1 wherein the preferred embodiment is comprised of an anchoring cable anchored to the bottom or other desired mooring location, and a primary displacement module (which is a flotation device of controllable buoyancy).
 3. The support framework of claim 1 which is suitable for the attachment of anchoring and support cables and of an optional network of secondary automatic buoyancy control devices (called herein a “Buoyancy Compensation Net”, which comprises a new means of raising, lowering, tilting, changing the shape of, and otherwise completely controlling the depth, attitude, and configuration of the system), and/or other desired optional equipment.
 4. The fairing of claim 1, which may be composed of a membrane or fabric that is semi-porous or has openings distributed along is surface (which openings may be optionally closeable, to controllably vary the flow of water through them), to optionally allow a portion of the flow of ocean current to pass through into the trailing portion of the device (rather than to be completely split between a superior and an inferior flow) thereby providing a new means to equalize stresses and drag within and around a large netted structure as the water current-speed changes, and providing a new means of creating and using hydrodynamic flow to maintain stability and shape of a somewhat flexible, submerged mass.
 5. The cages of claim 1, wherein specially-designed vents and/or deflectors may be placed near the top and bottom for the purpose of deflecting fresh, preferably oxygenated water into the caged volume and exhausting less oxygenated water with organic waste components, which vents and deflectors are designed to project sufficiently into the more oxygenated water above the cages to cause a continuous globe-shaped puff of said oxygenated water to push into the volume enclosed by the cages (hence the cages are, in the preferred embodiment, spherical), and to exhaust a circular profile of fluid at the bottoms of the cages (hence tending to exhaust most effectively the area at the bottom of spherical cages), thereby providing a new means by which to create a semi controllable oxygenated water flow within an aquaculture cage.
 6. The Net-Skin of claim 1, which may have optional additional attributes such as a means for conducting electrical current to contact points, thereby providing a new means of maintaining a predator-free environment (an electronic perimeter net).
 7. The system or entire device of claim 1, wherein the components (including those made of nets) may optionally be allowed (by virtue of additional load-balancing supplemental flotation devices) and encouraged to accumulate the growth of algae and other adhered sea life, thereby enriching the biota of the area in which aquaculture will occur and providing supplementary nutrition to the caged fish and to the local aqueous environment, much as a reef would do—also improving thereby the local environment for open-water fishing and reducing the requirement of bio-mass removal in the aquaculture system.
 8. The system or entire device of claim 1, that may optionally be engineered so that the individual cages may be removed, repaired, or harvested and re-stocked independently of the other cages, so that the entire device may remain in continuous production with different cages in different stages of growth of the fish; and wherein the spaces within the perimeter net may also optionally be farmed (though less intensively) with other forms of useable aquatic life. 